‘לביא’ and ‘לבוא’ in Nahum 2:12: A study of translation technique

Abstract

This article examines the Hebrew term ‘’ in Nahum 2:12 as a case study in the interplay between language, textual transmission and theological interpretation in ancient religious traditions. The verse presents a notable textual problem, as major witnesses diverge significantly in their treatment of the term. While the Masoretic text reads ‘’ as ‘lioness’, several ancient versions – including the Septuagint, Vulgate and Peshitta – appear to reflect a different underlying sense, rendering the term in a verbal form meaning ‘’ or ‘to enter’. The Targum further complicates the picture by paraphrasing the verse entirely. Addressing these discrepancies, this article employs a causal model for translation studies to reassess the meaning of ‘’ and ‘’ in Nahum 2:12. It analyses the available manuscript evidence, explores the likelihood of scribal errors and shifts in transmission and evaluates the translational choices made in early versions. In addition, the study situates the term within its immediate literary context and broader linguistic framework.
Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: By integrating these lines of inquiry, the article aims to clarify the most plausible interpretation of ‘’ and ‘’ to contribute to a deeper understanding of how textual variation shapes exegetical and theological conclusions.